Best CoQ10 for Fertility: Ubiquinol Guide

What is the best CoQ10 supplement for fertility?

If you’re researching CoQ10 for fertility, you’re on the right track. CoQ10 is one of the most evidence-backed supplements for both egg quality and sperm function — and choosing the right form and dose makes a significant difference.

Ubiquinol is the best form of CoQ10 for fertility due to its superior absorption and direct role in mitochondrial energy production, which supports egg quality and sperm function.

This guide covers everything you need to know about using CoQ10 for fertility — including the right dose, the best form, timing, and what the research actually shows for both men and women.

CoQ10 is covered in depth in our full fertility supplement breakdown, which also covers magnesium, zinc, omega-3s, and Vitamin D — and how they work together as a complete reproductive health protocol.

CoQ10 for Fertility: What You Need to Know

CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) is a naturally occurring compound found in every cell in the body. It plays a central role in mitochondrial energy production — the process that powers egg maturation, sperm function, and early embryo development. Research has demonstrated that CoQ10 levels decline significantly with age, directly contributing to the age-related drop in oocyte quality (Ben-Meir et al., 2015). This is one of the key reasons fertility specialists now recommend CoQ10 as part of a preconception protocol.

What CoQ10 Does for Fertility

Fertility depends on cellular energy. Every stage of egg maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development requires mitochondria to function at a high level. CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) is a fat-soluble compound found in every cell that sits at the core of this energy-production process.

Inside the mitochondria, CoQ10 acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain — the system cells use to convert nutrients into ATP, the body’s primary energy currency. Without adequate CoQ10, mitochondrial output drops, and the cells that drive reproductive function pay the price.

In women, egg cells (oocytes) are among the most energy-demanding cells in the body. As women age, CoQ10 levels naturally decline, which correlates with reduced egg quality and lower mitochondrial output in oocytes (Ben-Meir et al., 2015). In men, sperm motility — the ability of sperm to swim effectively — is directly tied to mitochondrial energy production in the sperm midpiece.

Supplementing CoQ10 replenishes this declining resource, helping restore the cellular conditions needed for healthy reproduction.

Benefits of CoQ10 for Fertility

Egg Quality

Egg quality is one of the strongest predictors of successful conception and healthy pregnancy. CoQ10 supports the mitochondrial capacity of oocytes, helping produce the ATP required for proper chromosomal division during meiosis. In animal models, CoQ10 supplementation reversed the age-related decline in oocyte quality and restored fertility outcomes to levels comparable with younger subjects (Ben-Meir et al., 2015).

Sperm Motility

Sperm require a consistent supply of ATP to power their movement. CoQ10 concentrations are particularly high in the sperm midpiece — the section responsible for generating the energy needed for forward propulsion. A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (296 men) found that CoQ10 supplementation significantly improved sperm concentration and motility in infertile men (Lafuente et al., 2013).

Cellular Energy Production

Beyond reproduction-specific benefits, CoQ10 supports the broader cellular energy environment. Higher mitochondrial output means better signaling, reduced oxidative stress, and a more favorable internal environment for conception and implantation. Fertility is driven by cellular energy. CoQ10 supports this at the mitochondrial level, while nutrients like magnesium for fertility and zinc support the broader hormonal environment.

CoQ10 for Female Fertility

CoQ10 is one of the most widely studied supplements for female fertility, particularly in the context of egg quality and ovarian function. Its benefits are rooted in mitochondrial biology — and eggs are among the most mitochondria-dependent cells in the human body.

Egg Quality and Mitochondrial Function

Each egg cell (oocyte) contains hundreds of thousands of mitochondria — far more than any other cell type. This is because egg maturation, fertilization, and the first stages of embryo development require enormous amounts of ATP. CoQ10 is the central electron carrier in the mitochondrial energy-production chain, directly determining how efficiently these cells generate that energy.

When CoQ10 levels are low, mitochondrial output drops. In oocytes, this translates to impaired chromosomal division during meiosis — one of the main causes of chromosomally abnormal eggs, failed fertilization, and early miscarriage. Supplementing CoQ10 is thought to restore the mitochondrial capacity of aging or depleted eggs.

CoQ10 for Women Over 30 and 35

CoQ10 levels in the body decline naturally with age — a process that accelerates after the mid-30s. For women trying to conceive after 35, this decline coincides directly with the well-documented drop in egg quality that comes with age. Supplementing CoQ10 is one of the few evidence-backed interventions that directly targets the underlying mitochondrial mechanism responsible for this decline.

Women in their late 30s and early 40s are increasingly incorporating CoQ10 into their preconception protocols specifically for this reason. The research is not yet definitive, but the biological rationale is strong and the risk profile is low.

CoQ10 for Fertility Over 40

Women over 40 face the steepest decline in both CoQ10 levels and egg quality. This is the population where CoQ10 supplementation has the strongest biological rationale. The age-related decline in oocyte quality is driven primarily by reduced mitochondrial function, and CoQ10 directly addresses this mechanism (Ben-Meir et al., 2015).

For women over 40, most fertility specialists recommend the higher end of the dosing range — 400–600 mg/day of ubiquinol — started at least 3 months before a planned conception or IVF cycle. The conversion capacity from ubiquinone to ubiquinol also declines with age, making the active ubiquinol form particularly important in this age group.

A randomized controlled trial studying women 35–43 undergoing IVF used 600 mg/day of CoQ10 and observed trends toward improved outcomes, though the study was terminated early before reaching statistical power (Lafuente et al., 2014). Despite this limitation, the combined evidence supports CoQ10 as one of the few interventions that targets the root cause of age-related fertility decline.

CoQ10 and IVF Outcomes

Several clinical studies have examined CoQ10 supplementation in women undergoing IVF. A landmark randomized controlled trial of 169 women with poor ovarian reserve found that CoQ10 pretreatment (600 mg/day for 60 days) significantly improved ovarian response to stimulation and embryo quality (Xu et al., 2018).

A 2020 meta-analysis pooling data from 5 RCTs and 449 women confirmed that oral CoQ10 supplementation significantly increases clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology, including subgroups with poor ovarian response and PCOS (Giannubilo et al., 2020). Additional research in women with diminished ovarian reserve (where DHEA supplementation is also beneficial) has similarly found improvements in ovarian response and egg quality following supplementation.

Most fertility clinics recommend starting CoQ10 supplementation at least 60–90 days before a planned IVF cycle — the time required to influence the egg cohort currently in development.

CoQ10 for Male Fertility

CoQ10 plays a well-documented role in male reproductive health. It is found in high concentrations in the sperm midpiece — the region packed with mitochondria that generates the ATP needed to power sperm motility.

Sperm Motility

Motility — the ability of sperm to swim efficiently toward the egg — is one of the most critical factors in male fertility. It is also directly energy-dependent. A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs involving 296 infertile men found that CoQ10 supplementation significantly increased seminal CoQ10 concentration, sperm concentration, and sperm motility (Lafuente et al., 2013).

Oxidative Stress Reduction

Sperm cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to their high metabolic activity and limited antioxidant defenses. CoQ10 acts as a fat-soluble antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals in the male reproductive tract. Reducing oxidative stress protects sperm DNA integrity — a key marker of sperm quality that standard semen analysis often does not measure.

Sperm Count and Morphology

Beyond motility, a 2019 study comparing 200 mg/day versus 400 mg/day of CoQ10 in 65 men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia found that both doses significantly improved sperm concentration, progressive motility, and total motility after 3 months — with the 400 mg group showing greater improvements (Alahmar, 2019). This dose-dependent response supports using the higher end of the range for men with diagnosed sperm issues.

What to Look for in a CoQ10 Supplement

Ubiquinol vs Ubiquinone

CoQ10 exists in two main forms: ubiquinone (oxidized) and ubiquinol (reduced). Ubiquinol is the active, electron-rich form the body uses directly. A head-to-head crossover study found that ubiquinol at 200 mg/day produced plasma CoQ10 levels of 4.3 µg/mL compared to just 2.5 µg/mL for ubiquinone — demonstrating significantly superior bioavailability (Langsjoen & Langsjoen, 2014). For fertility purposes — especially when egg or sperm quality is a priority — ubiquinol is the preferred form.

A comprehensive review of absorption studies confirmed that while both forms are absorbed in the small intestine, formulation quality (lipid carrier, crystal dispersion technology) matters alongside the form itself (Mantle & Dybring, 2020). Always choose softgels with an oil-based carrier over dry powder capsules.

Dosage

Research on CoQ10 for fertility typically uses doses in the range of 200–600 mg per day. The landmark Xu et al. (2018) IVF trial used 600 mg/day, while Alahmar (2019) showed benefits at both 200 and 400 mg/day for male fertility. Higher doses are often used in women over 35 or those with diminished ovarian reserve. Most fertility-focused protocols sit at 300–400 mg daily of ubiquinol as an effective starting point.

Absorption

CoQ10 is fat-soluble, meaning it absorbs significantly better when taken with food containing fat. Look for products that use lipid-based delivery systems (softgels with oil) or enhanced bioavailability technologies. Avoid plain powder capsules — they have poor and inconsistent absorption.

Ubiquinol vs CoQ10: Which Form Is Best for Fertility?

One of the most common points of confusion when choosing a CoQ10 supplement is the difference between ubiquinone and ubiquinol. Understanding this distinction matters — particularly for fertility purposes.

What Is CoQ10 (Ubiquinone)?

Ubiquinone is the oxidized form of CoQ10 — the form found in most standard supplements. It is stable, inexpensive, and widely available. Before the body can use it, ubiquinone must be converted into ubiquinol in the liver and intestinal cells. In younger, healthy individuals, this conversion is generally efficient.

What Is Ubiquinol?

Ubiquinol is the reduced, active form of CoQ10 — the form that actually circulates in the blood and is used directly by cells. It does not require conversion. Research consistently shows that ubiquinol produces higher plasma CoQ10 levels than an equivalent dose of ubiquinone, making it the more bioavailable option.

Absorption Differences

In a crossover study of 12 healthy volunteers, 200 mg/day of ubiquinol for 4 weeks raised plasma CoQ10 to 4.3 µg/mL versus 2.5 µg/mL for ubiquinone — a 72% advantage (Langsjoen & Langsjoen, 2014). The gap widens with age — as people get older, the enzymatic capacity to convert ubiquinone to ubiquinol declines. By the mid-30s, the conversion becomes meaningfully less efficient.

Which Form Is Best for Fertility?

For fertility purposes — especially in women over 35, men with subfertility, or anyone who has been supplementing ubiquinone without results — ubiquinol is the recommended form. It is more expensive, but the absorption advantage is well-supported by research.

Ubiquinone remains a reasonable option for younger individuals (under 30–35) with good baseline health, particularly at higher doses where conversion is less of a limiting factor. But for most people targeting fertility outcomes, ubiquinol is the clear choice.

Best CoQ10 Supplements for Fertility

Below is a comparison of the top-rated CoQ10 products for fertility. We evaluated each on form (ubiquinol vs ubiquinone), dose per serving, absorption technology, third-party testing, and clinical relevance to fertility protocols.

1. Jarrow Formulas QH-absorb — Best Overall (Ubiquinol, 100 mg)

Why it’s good: Jarrow’s ubiquinol product uses Kaneka QH — the gold standard of ubiquinol manufacturing — in a softgel with sunflower oil for reliable fat-soluble absorption.

Key benefit: Clean ingredient profile with the active ubiquinol form. Well-suited for women and men using CoQ10 as part of a broader fertility nutrition protocol that includes magnesium supplements for fertility and zinc supplements for fertility. Take 2–4 softgels daily to reach the 200–400 mg range used in fertility research.

2. Theralogix CoQ10 — Best for IVF Protocols (Ubiquinol, 200 mg)

Why it’s good: Theralogix is a reproductive health-focused supplement company, and their CoQ10 is formulated specifically with fertility outcomes in mind. It uses a 200 mg ubiquinol dose in an oil-based softgel for consistent delivery.

Key benefit: Purpose-built for reproductive health. Strong option for women working with a fertility specialist or following a structured preconception protocol. The 200 mg per softgel format makes it easy to reach the 400–600 mg range used in IVF research.

3. Life Extension Super Ubiquinol CoQ10 — Best Mitochondrial Formula (50 mg)

Why it’s good: Life Extension combines ubiquinol with PrimaVie shilajit, a compound shown to potentiate CoQ10’s mitochondrial effects. This makes it a higher-output option per milligram compared to standalone CoQ10 products.

Key benefit: Synergistic mitochondrial formula. Best for those who want to maximize cellular energy output with a lower absolute CoQ10 dose, or who are combining CoQ10 with other mitochondrial support strategies.

4. Pharma Nord Bio-Quinone Q10 Active — Best Pharmaceutical Grade (Ubiquinol, 100 mg)

Why it’s good: Pharma Nord is a European pharmaceutical company with extensive clinical trial backing for their CoQ10 products. Bio-Quinone Q10 Active is their ubiquinol formulation, and it is one of the products recommended in It Starts With The Egg — one of the most widely referenced fertility supplement guides. Their manufacturing standards exceed typical supplement industry norms.

Key benefit: Pharmaceutical-grade quality with clinical research backing. Ideal for those who prioritize manufacturing rigor and want a product recommended by established fertility resources.

5. Doctor’s Best High Absorption CoQ10 — Best High-Dose Value (400 mg Ubiquinone)

Why it’s good: Uses BioPerine (black pepper extract) alongside CoQ10 to enhance absorption. The 400 mg dose aligns directly with the range used in fertility research protocols.

Key benefit: Higher-dose option at a strong value. Best for those wanting research-aligned dosing without switching to ubiquinol, particularly for shorter-term use or cost-sensitive protocols.

6. Qunol Ultra CoQ10 — Best Budget Option (100 mg Ubiquinone)

Why it’s good: Qunol uses a water- and fat-soluble formulation that significantly improves absorption over standard CoQ10 capsules — a common problem with this nutrient class.

Key benefit: Enhanced bioavailability at an accessible price point. A solid entry-level option for those beginning CoQ10 supplementation, though those with specific fertility goals may want to move to a higher-dose ubiquinol product.

7. NOW Ubiquinol — Best Budget Ubiquinol (200 mg)

Why it’s good: NOW uses Kaneka ubiquinol in an oil-based softgel at a 200 mg dose — the same active ingredient as premium brands, at a significantly lower price point. Third-party tested for purity and potency.

Key benefit: Delivers the preferred ubiquinol form at the dose used in male fertility research, without the premium price. A practical choice for couples where both partners are supplementing CoQ10.

How Much CoQ10 Should You Take for Fertility?

If you’re wondering how much CoQ10 for fertility is the right amount, the answer depends on several factors. CoQ10 dosing for fertility is not one-size-fits-all. The right amount depends on age, baseline CoQ10 status, the form used, and whether supplementation is part of a general preconception strategy or a specific fertility protocol.

General Range: 200–600 mg Per Day

Most fertility-relevant research falls within a daily dose range of 200–600 mg of CoQ10 (as ubiquinol or ubiquinone). The landmark IVF trial by Xu et al. (2018) used 600 mg/day, while Alahmar (2019) demonstrated benefits at both 200 and 400 mg/day for sperm parameters. This is significantly higher than the typical 30–100 mg doses used for general cardiovascular or energy support.

Lower End: 200–300 mg/Day

A dose of 200–300 mg per day is appropriate for general preconception support in younger individuals (under 35) with no specific fertility concerns. It is also a reasonable starting point before increasing if needed. Splitting the dose across two meals can improve absorption and reduce the likelihood of any gastrointestinal discomfort.

Higher End: 400–600 mg/Day

The higher dose range is more commonly used in fertility protocols, particularly for women over 35, those with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), or those preparing for IVF. Research in these populations has used doses of 400–600 mg daily of ubiquinol. Some IVF protocols recommend beginning at 600 mg and reducing after egg retrieval.

Men vs Women

For male fertility, the commonly studied dose range is 200–400 mg per day. Alahmar (2019) found that 400 mg/day produced greater improvements in sperm concentration and motility than 200 mg/day over 3 months, though both doses were effective. Most male fertility studies showing improvements in sperm parameters used 200–300 mg of ubiquinol or high-dose ubiquinone over 3–6 months.

Talk to a Professional

CoQ10 is generally well tolerated at these doses, but dosing decisions — particularly in the context of IVF or specific fertility diagnoses — should be made in consultation with a reproductive endocrinologist or fertility specialist. They can factor in your specific protocol, other supplements, and medical history.

How to Take CoQ10 for Fertility

Dosage

The research-supported dose range for fertility is 200–600 mg per day of ubiquinol, or 300–600 mg of ubiquinone. Women over 35 or those with diminished ovarian reserve often use the higher end of this range. For male fertility, 200–400 mg of ubiquinol daily is a reasonable starting point.

Timing

CoQ10 is best taken with a meal containing fat — breakfast or lunch are common choices. Splitting the dose across two meals (e.g., 200 mg morning, 200 mg evening) can maintain more stable plasma levels throughout the day, which may be preferable for higher-dose protocols.

How Long to Take It

Mitochondrial CoQ10 levels take time to increase meaningfully. Most fertility protocols recommend starting CoQ10 supplementation at least 3 months before a planned conception attempt or IVF cycle. Egg maturation takes approximately 90 days, so earlier supplementation gives the most relevant impact on egg quality.

Absorption Tips

Always take CoQ10 with a fat-containing meal. Avoid taking it with fiber-heavy meals only, as fiber can bind fat-soluble compounds and reduce uptake. Softgels with oil are more reliable than dry capsules or tablets.

When to Stop Taking CoQ10 for Fertility

Knowing when to stop is just as important as knowing when to start. Here is the general guidance across the key stages of trying to conceive.

Pre-Conception Use

CoQ10 is most impactful in the preconception window. Egg development begins 90–120 days before ovulation, meaning supplementation needs to start well in advance to influence the egg cohort you are trying to conceive with. Most protocols recommend beginning CoQ10 at least 3 months before a planned conception attempt or IVF cycle.

After Pregnancy Is Confirmed

The general clinical consensus is to stop CoQ10 once pregnancy is confirmed, as safety data during pregnancy is limited. CoQ10 has not been adequately studied in pregnant populations, and most fertility specialists advise discontinuing it as a precaution once a positive pregnancy test is obtained.

IVF Cycle Timing

For IVF, the typical approach is to supplement CoQ10 throughout the stimulation phase and stop at or after egg retrieval — though some protocols continue through the transfer. The specifics depend on the clinic’s protocol and your reproductive endocrinologist’s recommendation. Do not adjust your supplementation plan around an IVF cycle without guidance from your treating doctor.

Key Takeaway

Start early (3+ months before conception attempt), stop when pregnancy is confirmed unless directed otherwise, and always coordinate CoQ10 use with your healthcare provider — particularly if you are going through assisted reproductive treatment.

Side Effects, Safety, and Drug Interactions

CoQ10 has one of the strongest safety profiles of any fertility supplement. A comprehensive review of all available preclinical and clinical safety data established an observed safety level (OSL) of 1,200 mg/day, with no dose-response relationship for adverse effects and no evidence that exogenous CoQ10 suppresses the body’s own production (Hidaka et al., 2008).

Common Side Effects

At fertility-relevant doses (200–600 mg/day), the most commonly reported side effects are mild and include:

• Mild gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, stomach upset)
• Headache (rare)
• Insomnia (if taken late in the day — CoQ10 can be mildly energizing)
• Diarrhea at very high doses

These effects are uncommon and typically resolve by splitting the dose across meals or reducing the amount temporarily.

Drug Interactions

CoQ10 is structurally similar to vitamin K, which means it has a theoretical interaction with anticoagulant medications. Key interactions to be aware of:

• Warfarin (blood thinners): A systematic review identified a probable interaction where CoQ10 may reduce the anticoagulant effect of warfarin (Kanji et al., 2012). However, a dedicated RCT of 24 patients on stable warfarin therapy found that 100 mg/day of CoQ10 for 4 weeks did not significantly affect INR or dosage requirements (Engelsen et al., 2002). If you are on warfarin, discuss CoQ10 with your doctor and monitor INR closely.
• Blood pressure medications: CoQ10 may have additive blood-pressure-lowering effects when combined with antihypertensive drugs. Monitor blood pressure if combining.
• Statins: Statin medications reduce endogenous CoQ10 production by up to 40%. If you are on a statin, CoQ10 supplementation may be particularly beneficial — and higher doses may be needed to reach adequate levels.
• Chemotherapy drugs: Some oncology protocols advise against antioxidant supplementation during active treatment. Consult your oncologist before supplementing CoQ10 during cancer treatment.

CoQ10-Rich Foods

While dietary sources cannot provide therapeutic doses, CoQ10 is found naturally in organ meats (heart, liver, kidney), fatty fish (sardines, mackerel, trout), beef, pork, chicken, soybeans, peanuts, spinach, broccoli, and cauliflower. A typical diet provides roughly 3–6 mg/day — far below the 200–600 mg used in fertility protocols, which is why supplementation is necessary to reach clinically relevant levels.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best CoQ10 for fertility?

When choosing the best CoQ10 for fertility, ubiquinol is the top recommendation. It is the active, reduced form of CoQ10 that the body uses directly, and it absorbs more effectively than ubiquinone — particularly in people over 35. Look for a product using Kaneka QH ubiquinol in an oil-based softgel at a dose of 200–400 mg per day.

How much CoQ10 should I take for fertility?

Most fertility-focused research uses 200–600 mg per day of ubiquinol. Women with diminished ovarian reserve or those over 35 are often advised to use the higher end of this range. For male fertility, 200–400 mg daily is a common protocol. Always start with your healthcare provider’s guidance, particularly if you’re undergoing IVF.

Does CoQ10 improve egg quality?

Evidence suggests yes. Animal studies show CoQ10 supplementation reversed age-related oocyte decline by restoring mitochondrial function (Ben-Meir et al., 2015). In humans, a meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found CoQ10 significantly increased clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing assisted reproduction (Giannubilo et al., 2020).

Is CoQ10 good for male fertility?

Yes. CoQ10 is concentrated in the sperm midpiece, where mitochondria generate the energy for sperm motility. A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (296 men) confirmed that CoQ10 supplementation significantly improves sperm concentration and motility (Lafuente et al., 2013). Combined with zinc supplements for fertility — which support testosterone production and sperm development — CoQ10 forms part of a well-rounded approach to male reproductive health.

Which CoQ10 is best for egg quality?

Ubiquinol (the active form) at 400–600 mg/day is most commonly recommended for egg quality. The Xu et al. (2018) IVF trial used 600 mg/day and found improved ovarian response and embryo quality. Products using Kaneka QH ubiquinol in oil-based softgels provide the best absorption for this purpose.

Does CoQ10 improve fertility?

CoQ10 supports the mitochondrial energy production that underlies both egg quality and sperm function. Clinical evidence — particularly in women with diminished ovarian reserve and men with poor sperm motility — shows meaningful improvements with supplementation. It is not a guaranteed fix, but the evidence base is stronger than for most fertility supplements.

How long does CoQ10 take to work for fertility?

Because egg development takes approximately 90 days, most fertility protocols recommend supplementing CoQ10 for at least 3 months before a conception attempt. For sperm, the production cycle is also around 74 days, so 3 months of consistent supplementation is similarly the standard recommendation for men.

Can men take CoQ10 for fertility?

Yes. CoQ10 is well-supported for male fertility. It is concentrated in the sperm midpiece and is directly involved in the energy production that drives motility. Multiple studies in men with subfertility have shown improvements in sperm motility, count, and oxidative stress markers following CoQ10 supplementation.

Is CoQ10 safe when trying to conceive?

CoQ10 has a strong safety profile in the preconception period. A comprehensive safety review found no serious adverse effects at doses up to 1,200 mg/day (Hidaka et al., 2008). It is typically stopped once pregnancy is confirmed due to limited safety data during pregnancy. Always discuss with your doctor before starting.

What is the difference between ubiquinol and ubiquinone for fertility?

Ubiquinol is the active, reduced form of CoQ10 that the body uses directly. Ubiquinone must first be converted into ubiquinol before it can be used. A clinical study found ubiquinol produces 72% higher plasma levels than ubiquinone at the same dose (Langsjoen & Langsjoen, 2014), making it the preferred form for fertility purposes where higher tissue CoQ10 levels are the goal. For a complete preconception protocol including vitamin D and other essential nutrients, see our conception vitamins guide.

References

1. Xu Y, Nisenblat V, Lu C, et al. Pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 improves ovarian response and embryo quality in low-prognosis young women with decreased ovarian reserve. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2018;16(1):29. PubMed
2. Ben-Meir A, Burstein E, Borber-Alfici D, et al. Coenzyme Q10 restores oocyte mitochondrial function and fertility during reproductive aging. Aging Cell. 2015;14(5):887-895. PubMed
3. Giannubilo SR, Tiano L, Ciavattini A, et al. CoQ10 supplementation in patients undergoing IVF-ET: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2020;37(10):2473-2482. PubMed
4. Lafuente R, González-Comadrán M, Solà I, et al. Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility: a meta-analysis. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2013;30(9):1147-1156. PubMed
5. Alahmar A. The impact of two doses of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters and antioxidant status in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine. 2019;46(3):112-118. PMC
6. Lafuente R, González-Comadrán M, Solà I, et al. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for oocyte aneuploidy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Medicine Insights: Reproductive Health. 2014;8:31-36. PubMed
7. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Comparison study of plasma coenzyme Q10 levels in healthy subjects supplemented with ubiquinol versus ubiquinone. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development. 2014;3(1):13-17. PubMed
8. Mantle D, Dybring A. Bioavailability of coenzyme Q10: an overview of the absorption process and subsequent metabolism. Antioxidants. 2020;9(5):386. PubMed
9. Hidaka T, Fujii K, Funahashi I, et al. Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2008;51(3):S37-S44. PubMed
10. Kanji S, MacLean RD, Bhatt DL. Drug–supplement interactions in cardiovascular medicine. Systematic Reviews. 2012;1:28. PubMed
11. Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Hansen KF. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in patients on long-term warfarin treatment. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002;87(6):1075-1076. PubMed

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